Evaluate Covariance
Choose the population or sample convention before interpreting the result.
Formula: Population covariance = Σ[(xi−x̄)(yi−ȳ)] ÷ N; Sample covariance = Σ[(xi−x̄)(yi−ȳ)] ÷ (n−1)
The calculator follows the mathematical relationship shown in the formula. Keeping symbols and values in their intended positions avoids many avoidable errors.
Use one simple test case to confirm the expected scale of the answer before processing a larger set of values.